Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) - Focusing on Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)Risk Factors for DVTInherited Thrombophilic DisordersFactor V Leiden MutationProthrombin Gene Mutation (G20210A)Antithrombin DeficiencyProtein C DeficiencyProtein S DeficiencyAcquired Risk FactorsImmobilization (Prolonged bed rest, paralysis, long flights)Surgery (Major surgery, especially orthopedic procedures)Trauma (Fractures, severe injuries)Malignancy (Cancer, especially visceral cancers)Pregnancy and Postpartum PeriodOral Contraceptives and Hormone Replacement TherapyObesityHeart FailureInflammatory Bowel DiseaseCertain Medications (e.g., some immunosuppressants)Diagnosis of DVTClinical Evaluation (Symptoms: pain, swelling, redness, warmth)D-dimer Test (Blood test to rule out DVT, but not diagnostic)Compression Ultrasonography (Doppler ultrasound to visualize thrombi)Venography (Radiographic technique, less commonly used now)CT Venography (Cross-sectional imaging technique)MRI Venography (High-resolution imaging technique)Treatment of DVTAnticoagulation (Heparin, Warfarin, Direct Thrombin Inhibitors, Factor Xa Inhibitors)Thrombolytic Therapy (For massive or life-threatening DVT)Inferior Vena Cava Filter (To prevent PE in high-risk patients)Supportive Measures (Elevation of the leg, compression stockings, pain management)Pulmonary Embolism (PE)Types of PESaddle Embolism (Obstruction at the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery)Subsegmental PE (Smaller emboli, often asymptomatic)Massive PE (Obstruction of major pulmonary arteries, life-threatening)Recurrent PE (Multiple episodes of PE)Clinical Presentation of PESymptoms (Dyspnea, chest pain, cough, hemoptysis, syncope, sudden death)Physical Exam (Tachycardia, tachypnea, hypoxia, hypotension)Diagnosis of PEClinical Probability Assessment (Based on Wells criteria or Geneva score)D-dimer Test (Negative result helps rule out PE, but not diagnostic)CT Pulmonary Angiography (Preferred imaging technique)Ventilation-Perfusion Scan (Less commonly used now)Pulmonary Angiography (Invasive, used when CTPA is inconclusive)Treatment of PEAnticoagulation (Same as DVT)Thrombolytic Therapy (For massive or life-threatening PE)Surgical Embolectomy (In rare cases where thrombolysis is unsuccessful)Supportive Care (Oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, hemodynamic support)Air EmbolismFat Embolism SyndromeAcute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
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